Le BRICS+ comme stratégie de multi-alignement pour réduire la dépendance économique envers l’Occident : opportunités et défis pour Madagascar
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.59092/aardr.v2i1.23Mots-clés :
BRICS+, Multi-Alignment, Madagascar, Structural Dependence, New Development Bank, Global SouthRésumé
Madagascar, l’une des économies les plus dépendantes de l’aide extérieure en Afrique subsaharienne, fait face à une vulnérabilité accrue à la suite de la suspension de l’aide au développement des États-Unis et de l’imposition d’un tarif de 47 % sur ses exportations vers le marché américain en 2025. Dans ce contexte, son accession au statut de pays partenaire des BRICS en janvier 2026, soutenue par l’Afrique du Sud, marque un tournant potentiel dans sa stratégie économique extérieure. Cet article examine dans quelle mesure une stratégie de multi-alignement vers les BRICS+ peut constituer un levier structurel pour réduire la dépendance économique chronique de Madagascar envers les partenaires occidentaux, en s’interrogeant à la fois sur les opportunités économiques offertes par cet engagement et sur les défis structurels qui l’accompagnent. S’appuyant sur la théorie du multi-alignement comme cadre analytique principal, l’étude adopte une approche qualitative fondée sur l’analyse documentaire de rapports institutionnels, de documents de politique publique et de littérature académique évaluée par les pairs. L’analyse montre que l’engagement avec les BRICS+ offre à Madagascar des opportunités concrètes en matière de financement alternatif du développement à travers la Nouvelle banque de développement, de diversification commerciale et de mécanismes de dédollarisation, remettant en cause la logique de conditionnalité des institutions financières internationales dominées par l’Occident. Toutefois, des défis structurels importants persistent, notamment les faiblesses institutionnelles, les vulnérabilités en matière de gouvernance, les rapports de pouvoir asymétriques au sein des BRICS+, ainsi que le risque de remplacer une dépendance par une autre. Cet article contribue à la littérature en appliquant la théorie du multi-alignement au cas d’un petit État insulaire en développement du Sud global, un contexte encore peu étudié dans ce champ de recherche.
Références
African Development Bank Group. Madagascar Country Report 2024: Driving Change in Madagascar by Reforming the Global Financial Architecture. Abidjan: African Development Bank Group, 2024. https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/economic-outlook-african-development-bank-forecasts-growth-madagascar-45-percent-2024-and-53-percent-2025-73294
African Development Bank Group. Madagascar Economic Outlook 2025. Abidjan: African Development Bank Group, 2025. https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/southern-africa/madagascar/madagascar-economic-outlook
Akinci, Sinan Omer. "Beyond the Status Quo: BRICS+ as a Catalyst for Reducing Global Economic Inequalities amidst Multiple Crises." In Economic Growth Amidst Social and Environmental Uncertainty, 161-98. Hershey: IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-1529-4.CH006
Alden, Chris, and Garth Le Pere. "Southern Multilateralism from IBSA to NDB: Synergies, Continuities and Regional Options." Global Policy (2023). https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13246
Alden, Chris, and Maxi Schoeman. "Being Africa's BRIC(S): South Africa's Foreign Policy Turn from 'Neo-Liberalism' to the 'New Era'." South African Journal of International Affairs 32, no. 1-2 (2025): 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2025.2503212
Anderson, Tim, and Dwi Yulianti. "The Developmental Case for BRICS." Global South Review 5, no. 2 (2024): 45. https://doi.org/10.22146/GLOBALSOUTH.90735
Arapova, Ekaterina Yevgenyevna, and Yaroslav Lissovolik. "The BRICS Plus Cooperation in International Organizations: Prospects for Reshaping the Global Agenda." Asia-Pacific Social Science Review 21, no. 4 (2021). https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/apssr/vol21/iss4/14
Arapova, Ekaterina Yevgenyevna. "The 'BRICS Plus' as the First International Platform Connecting Regional Trade Agreements." Asia-Pacific Social Science Review 19, no. 2 (2019): 30-46. https://doi.org/10.59588/2350-8329.1220
Arnold, Timothy Dale. "De-Dollarization and Global Sovereignty: BRICS' Quest for a New Financial Paradigm." Human Geography 18, no. 1 (2025): 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786241266896
Baran, Selin. "How Has South Africa's Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?" Uluslararasi Iliskiler 21, no. 82 (2024): 117-33. https://doi.org/10.33458/UIDERGISI.1470400
Ben Hammouda, Hakim. "Multi-Alignment and De-Risking: The Global South Response to World Fragmentation." Ifri Papers. Paris: Institut Francais des Relations Internationales, 2024. https://www.ifri.org/en/papers/multi-alignment-and-de-risking-global-south-response-world-fragmentation
Braga, Joao Pedro. "The New Development Bank in BRICS+ Development Cooperation: Analysing Sustainable Infrastructure Investment." Journal of BRICS Studies Vol. 1, no. 2 (2026): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.36615/0498JG59
BRICS Brazil. New Development Bank. Brazilian BRICS Presidency, 2025. https://brics.br/en/about-the-brics/new-development-bank
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Enzo Faletto. Dependency and Development in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
Coface. Madagascar Country Risk Analysis. Paris: Coface Economic Research, 2025. https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/business-risk-dashboard/country-risk-files/madagascar
Council on Foreign Relations. "What Is the BRICS Group and Why Is It Expanding?" CFR Backgrounders. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2025. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/what-brics-group-and-why-it-expanding
Fienena, Andry Lea Aina, Meng Ke Sorn, Wenting Ge, and Ergen Wang. "Exploring the Perceived Prospects of the Belt and Road Initiative on Policy Impacts for Madagascar." Journal of Business and Management Studies 5, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.32996/jbms.2023.5.2.10
Galandarova, Ulviyya Mirza qizi. "The Directions of Activities of BRICS New Development Bank in Financing Infrastructure Projects in Developing Economies." AUDIT 2023, no. 4 (2023): 25-35. https://doi.org/10.59610/BBU4.2023.4.3
Garcia, Ana Saggioro, and Camila Pereira. "Political Economy of South-South Relations: An Analysis of BRICS Investment Protection Agreements in Latin America and the Caribbean." Third World Quarterly 44 (2022): 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2128328
Glauben, Thomas, and Ivan Duric. "BRICS: World Heavyweight in Agricultural Trade." Intereconomics 59 (2024): 160-66. https://doi.org/10.2478/ie-2024-0033
Gomes, Guilherme Ziebell, and Paulo Esteves. "The BRICS Effect: Impacts of South-South Cooperation in the Social Field of International Development Cooperation." IDS Bulletin (2018). https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2018.152
Govender, Jay. "The BRICS in Africa: Promoting Development?" South African Journal of International Affairs 32, no. 1-2 (2025): 291-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2025.2495914
Green Finance and Development Center. China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2024. Shanghai: Griffith Asia Institute and Green Finance and Development Center, 2024. https://greenfdc.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-investment-report-2024/
Grishenkin, Mikhail Stanislavovich, and Sofya Nikolayevna Zamesina. "Ethiopia in BRICS: Motivation, Opportunities and Strategic Advantages." Asia and Africa Today, no. 10 (2024): 66-74. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0321507524100083
House of Commons Library. The BRICS Group: Overview and Recent Expansion. House of Commons Research Briefing CBP-10136. London: House of Commons, 2026. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10136/
Institute for Foreign Affairs, Government of Ethiopia. Ethiopia and BRICS: From Membership to Strategic Economic Partnership. Addis Ababa: Institute for Foreign Affairs, 2025. https://www.ifa.gov.et/2025/12/15/ethiopia-and-brics-from-membership-to-strategic-economic-partnership/
International Monetary Fund. IMF Executive Board Completes the Second Reviews under the Extended Credit Facility and the Resilience and Sustainability Facility Arrangements with the Republic of Madagascar. IMF Country Report No. 25/221. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2025/07/03/pr-25239-madagascar-imf-completes-2nd-rev-under-ecf-and-rsf-arrang
Jaishankar, Subrahmanyam. The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World. New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 2020.
King, Gary, Robert Owen Keohane, and Sidney Verba. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
La Nouvelle Tribune. "Madagascar: Cooperer avec les BRICS 'ouvrira de nouvelles portes' selon Randrianirina." La Nouvelle Tribune, February 21, 2026. https://lanouvelletribune.info/2026/02/madagascar-cooperer-avec-les-brics-ouvrira-de-nouvelles-portes-selon-randrianirina/
Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea, and Rakotoarisoa Maminirina Fenitra. “Democracy Is Not for the Hungry? Rethinking the Right to Vote in Fragile States Like Madagascar.” Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS) 4, no. 2 (2025): 139–64.
Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea. “Constitutional Fragility and Dual Nationality Disputes: Legal Implications of Madagascar 2023 Presidential Election.” Constitution Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2025): 93–120. https://doi.org/10.35719/constitution.v4i1.132.
———. “Is Poverty the Root of All Crime? Rethinking Criminality Amid Institutional Failure in Madagascar.” Jurnal Kriminologi Indonesia 1, no. 1 (2025): 15–22. https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/kriminologi/vol1/iss1/2/.
Mehta, Pratap, and Amit Das. "Multi-Alignment: A Foreign Policy Approach Enabling Cooperation with Different Power Centres Based on Interests Rather Than Ideological Alignment." Strategic Studies Quarterly 17, no. 2 (2023): 45-62.
Miguel Antonio Tamonan, "How the New Development Bank Built a Multibillion-Dollar Portfolio," Devex, September 1, 2025, https://www.devex.com/news/how-the-new-development-bank-built-a-multibillion-dollar-portfolio-110742
Mohammed, Salim. "BRICS Plus: De-Dollarization and Global Power Shifts in a New Economic Landscape." BRICS Journal of Economics 5, no. 1 (2024): 13-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/BRICS-ECON.5.E117828
Morozkina, Anna, and Vera Skryabina. "BRICS and Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Prospects for Trade with Least Developed Countries." International Organisations Research Journal 16 (2021): 85-106. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2021-01-04
Muller, Melanie. "Between Global Geopolitics and National Interests: BRICS Cooperation in the Mineral Sector." South African Journal of International Affairs 32, no. 1-2 (2025): 215-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2025.2519981
Narina, Ravindran, and Nair Ankit. "BRICS Collaboration Trends: Dimensions Metadata Study (2020-2025)." Governance and Politics 4, no. 4 (2026): 96-129. https://doi.org/10.24833/2782-7062-2025-4-4-96-129
Netswera, Fulufhelo. "Making BRICS Work for Its People and for Those in the Global South." Journal of BRICS Studies 4, no. 1 (2025): i-v. https://doi.org/10.36615/J2W3TV74
New Development Bank. Projects Portfolio and Annual Statistics. Shanghai: New Development Bank, 2025. https://www.ndb.int/projects/all-projects/
Newsmada. "Grace a l'Afrique du Sud: Madagascar devient pays partenaire des BRICS." Newsmada, January 19, 2026. https://newsmada.com/2026/01/19/grace-a-lafrique-du-sud-madagascar-devient-pays-partenaire-des-brics/
Ozekin, Muhammed Kursad, and Enver Sune. "Contesting Hegemony: The Rise of BRICS and the Crisis of US-Led Western Hegemony in the MENA Region." Korean Journal of International Studies 21, no. 3 (2023): 409-46. https://doi.org/10.14731/KJIS.2023.12.21.3.409
Pant, Harsh V., and Yogesh Joshi. "India's 'Strategic Ambiguity' and the US Alliance System." Armed Forces and Society 42, no. 1 (2016): 132-52.
Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea Manitra, and Adya Paramita Prabandari. “Judicial Independence Under Political Pressure: The High Constitutional Court and Electoral Justice in Madagascar (2009–2023).” Constitutional Review 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2025): 393–421. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev1125.
Thompson, Loren. "BRICS Development Strategies: Exploring the Meaning of BRICS 'Community' and 'Collective Action' in the Context of BRICS State-Led Cooperation in South Africa." Chinese Political Science Review 2 (2017): 101-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-017-0056-0
Voigtel, Ricardo, Romulo Cezar Rocha Saraiva da Silva, and Vinicius Da Silva Pereira Ney. "China and BRICS+ in the International Monetary and Financial System." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 15 (2026): e026008. https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2026.V15.E026008
Waeber, Patrick, Louise Wilme, Jennifer Mercier, Christophe Camara, and Pete Lowry. "How Effective Have Thirty Years of Internationally Driven Conservation and Development Efforts Been in Madagascar?" PLOS ONE 11 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161115
Wallerstein, Immanuel. World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
Wang, Paul Basil Mah, and Rajiv Mishra. "Assessing the Impact of an Expanded BRICS on the International Order: The Role of Power and Legitimacy." South African Journal of International Affairs 32, no. 1-2 (2025): 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2025.2509571
World Bank Group. Madagascar Country Overview. Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2025. https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/madagascar
World Bank Group. Madagascar Economic Update: Bridging the Productivity Divide. Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2025a. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar/publication/madagascar-economic-update-bridging-the-productivity-divide
Xie, Bingjun. "BRICS Expansion: Inviting Egypt from the Perspective of South-South Cooperation and Comparative Advantage Theory." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 128, no. 1 (2025): 115-21. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/2025.LD28601
Yaroslav, Lissakov. "BRICS Expansion: New Geographies and Spheres of Cooperation." BRICS Journal of Economics 5, no. 1 (2024): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/BRICS-ECON.5.E120071
Yiblet, Fisseha Dagnew. "Unlocking New Opportunities: BRICS Partnership and Its Implications for Economic Development in African Countries." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation 11, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.5296/jebi.v11i1.22012
Téléchargements
Publiée
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Randrianasolo Tsanganasy Brico 2026
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International.